Mode of Operation |
Single Photon Counting |
Time-Resolved Single Photon Counting (Multi Channel Scaling – MCS) |
Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) |
Lifetime range |
Milliseconds to hours |
10 ns – 50 s * |
5 ps – 50 µs * |
Sensitivity |
>30,000:1 ** |
n/a |
n/a |
Excitation Sources |
Type |
450 W ozone-free xenon arc lamp |
Microsecond flashlamp |
Picosecond pulsed diode lasers (EPLs) and pulsed LEDs (EPLEDs) |
Spectral Range |
230 nm- > 1000 nm |
200 nm – >1000 nm |
Discrete wavelengths between 250 nm – 980 nm |
Pulse width |
n/a |
1 µs – 2 µs |
from 60 ps |
Options |
Ozone generating lamp with spectral range
200 nm – >1000 nm |
Low to medium repetition rate pulsed lasers |
Nanosecond flashlamp
200 nm – >400 nm
pulse width <1 ns |
* source and detector dependent
** standard water Raman measurement conditions: Excitation wavelength = 350 nm, Excitation and emission bandwidths = 5 nm, step size = 1 nm, integration time = 1 s, emission wavelength = 397 nm, noise measured at 450 nm and calculation based on the SQRT method |